Charles Babbage started the design of the first automatic mechanical calculator, his Difference Engine, in 1822, which eventually gave him the idea of the first programmable mechanical calculator, his Analytical Engine. In 1820, Thomas de Colmar launched the mechanical calculator industry when he invented his simplified arithmometer, the first calculating machine strong enough and reliable enough to be used daily in an office environment. Leibniz may be considered the first computer scientist and information theorist, for, among other reasons, documenting the binary number system. In 1673, Gottfried Leibniz demonstrated a digital mechanical calculator, called the Stepped Reckoner. Wilhelm Schickard designed and constructed the first working mechanical calculator in 1623. Algorithms for performing computations have existed since antiquity, even before the development of sophisticated computing equipment. Machines for calculating fixed numerical tasks such as the abacus have existed since antiquity, aiding in computations such as multiplication and division. The earliest foundations of what would become computer science predate the invention of the modern digital computer. 13.1 Bibliography and academic search enginesĪda Lovelace published the first algorithm intended for processing on a computer.4.3.2 Social computing and human–computer interaction.4.3.1 Computational science, finance and engineering.4.2.7 Computer graphics and visualization.4.2.5 Computer security and cryptography.4.2.3 Concurrent, parallel and distributed computing.4.2.2 Computer architecture and organization.4.2 Computer systems and computational processes.4.1.4 Programming language theory and formal methods.The Turing Award is generally recognized as the highest distinction in computer science. The fundamental concern of computer science is determining what can and cannot be automated. Within artificial intelligence, computer vision aims to understand and process image and video data, while natural-language processing aims to understand and process textual and linguistic data. Artificial intelligence and machine learning aim to synthesize goal-orientated processes such as problem-solving, decision-making, environmental adaptation, planning and learning found in humans and animals. Computer architecture describes the construction of computer components and computer-operated equipment. Areas such as operating systems, networks and embedded systems investigate the principles and design behind complex systems.
#Elements of compiler design software#
Human–computer interaction investigates the interfaces through which humans and computers interact, and software engineering focuses on the design and principles behind developing software. Programming language theory considers approaches to the description of computational processes, and database theory concerns the management of repositories of data. Computer graphics and computational geometry address the generation of images. The fields of cryptography and computer security involve studying the means for secure communication and for preventing security vulnerabilities. The theory of computation concerns abstract models of computation and general classes of problems that can be solved using them. Īlgorithms and data structures are central to computer science. Computer science is generally considered an area of academic research and distinct from computer programming. Computer science spans theoretical disciplines (such as algorithms, theory of computation, and information theory) to practical disciplines (including the design and implementation of hardware and software). We write s -> t for "function from type s to type t".Computer science involves the study of computation, automation, and information. Function F : D -> R.A type expression can be formed by using the type constructor -> for function types. Functions : Mathematically, a function maps depends on one set (domain) to another set(range).Pointers : If T is a type expression, then pointer (T) is a type expression denoting the type "pointer to an object of type T".A type expression can be formed by applying the record type constructor to the field names and their types. Records : A record is a data structure with named fields.Products are introduced for completeness they can be used to represent a list or tuple of types (e.g., for function parameters). x associates to the left and that it has higher precedence. Products : If T 1 and T 2 are type expressions, then their Cartesian product T 1 x T 2 is a type expression.Arrays : If T is a type expression, then array(I, T) is a type expression denoting the type of an array with elements of type T and index set I.
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